https://christinaxbrown.com Christina X Brown Fri, 22 Jan 2021 16:46:28 +0000 https://christinaxbrown.com en https://christinaxbrown.com/Desktop Tue, 25 Aug 2020 16:14:20 +0000 Christina X Brown https://christinaxbrown.com/Desktop <img width="777" height="612" width_o="777" height_o="612" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/2f7c4c52864defd0b8c3fa81ccb0d6cfd9f73ba850c60cdecc336a59ed3b429a/Who-Am-I.png" data-mid="97497937" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/777/i/2f7c4c52864defd0b8c3fa81ccb0d6cfd9f73ba850c60cdecc336a59ed3b429a/Who-Am-I.png" /> <img width="3968" height="4380" width_o="3968" height_o="4380" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/98d6266784700943c6f2082c5c472ef7a1f0a3346dad4e09b69a5124a934f4e9/Web-Icon-GIF-Making_M-A.png" data-mid="97497760" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/98d6266784700943c6f2082c5c472ef7a1f0a3346dad4e09b69a5124a934f4e9/Web-Icon-GIF-Making_M-A.png" /> <img width="3842" height="2789" width_o="3842" 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data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/000171896777d8cfe7e53bd7140eb0168b88178bf865e8f12917315cb6d56cd9/Web-Icon-GIF-Making_ecs.png" data-mid="97497753" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/000171896777d8cfe7e53bd7140eb0168b88178bf865e8f12917315cb6d56cd9/Web-Icon-GIF-Making_ecs.png" /> <img width="4139" height="3759" width_o="4139" height_o="3759" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/4b60e6dc7b6a33aac13fa1df2006a5edf455e3c6fb14d91e6a037df90be566f8/Web-Icon-GIF-Making_covid.png" data-mid="97497748" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/4b60e6dc7b6a33aac13fa1df2006a5edf455e3c6fb14d91e6a037df90be566f8/Web-Icon-GIF-Making_covid.png" /> <img width="4230" height="2924" width_o="4230" height_o="2924" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/c9c905ea0bf72dd0c929900dbada5d207b5f522bf76d8a40c6cfa3275d0ab6e1/Web-Icon-GIF-Making_ULI-hines.png" data-mid="97497768" border="0" 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Brown https://christinaxbrown.com/Desktop-1 <img width="731" height="1270" width_o="731" height_o="1270" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/27084f2464d26279fe2846963d04a703330b3e96e76a60ae2db6ecbe585b33a5/ecoharmony.png" data-mid="80815679" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/731/i/27084f2464d26279fe2846963d04a703330b3e96e76a60ae2db6ecbe585b33a5/ecoharmony.png" /> <img width="1015" height="471" width_o="1015" height_o="471" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/6534f1bddb29f424f02ee29229b6c4118a1b4f4d3635384d46e4192c71c298ec/uli-hines.png" data-mid="80815693" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/6534f1bddb29f424f02ee29229b6c4118a1b4f4d3635384d46e4192c71c298ec/uli-hines.png" /> <img width="945" height="688" width_o="945" height_o="688" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/501673ea33062f594bcc5e864cf183c0655afcf70417944bde63fa6d013535e4/ecs.png" data-mid="80815682" border="0" 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data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/5926891d128f75e3ab3982cc6a3aa4cd30f35b6b074d9d22636f4c49d227634b/ecohousing.png" data-mid="80815681" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/5926891d128f75e3ab3982cc6a3aa4cd30f35b6b074d9d22636f4c49d227634b/ecohousing.png" /> <img width="943" height="537" width_o="943" height_o="537" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/0033addb3dabde0e82b45d43f38acdaa7eb8770c8cf173b55f10879616f8f4a7/photography.png" data-mid="80815691" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/943/i/0033addb3dabde0e82b45d43f38acdaa7eb8770c8cf173b55f10879616f8f4a7/photography.png" /> <img width="740" height="633" width_o="740" height_o="633" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/a3337feb21435a1f0fff2293e53bfba93d0ac8f00aa291048054c6a9bfe298f2/epic-metals.png" data-mid="80815683" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/740/i/a3337feb21435a1f0fff2293e53bfba93d0ac8f00aa291048054c6a9bfe298f2/epic-metals.png" /> <img width="519" height="506" width_o="519" height_o="506" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/862d74d3a615339b3ed10c3578e26ab5bc45ac3022302ce372c719fec5a04e4b/ipc.png" data-mid="80815686" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/519/i/862d74d3a615339b3ed10c3578e26ab5bc45ac3022302ce372c719fec5a04e4b/ipc.png" /> <img width="621" height="553" width_o="621" height_o="553" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/6c485b8ff90b879f4c78f6a0dba0165e6c0bfc05144d5168e84f4cb4195fea34/schluphouse.png" data-mid="80815692" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/621/i/6c485b8ff90b879f4c78f6a0dba0165e6c0bfc05144d5168e84f4cb4195fea34/schluphouse.png" /> <img width="993" height="634" width_o="993" height_o="634" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/3f06a62f0e7de34d91e5547d9f5d56d5eb8fb78e186d35095186659e20894df5/covid.png" data-mid="80815678" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/993/i/3f06a62f0e7de34d91e5547d9f5d56d5eb8fb78e186d35095186659e20894df5/covid.png" /> <img width="777" height="612" width_o="777" height_o="612" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/e001ab92376d47540ac1c74fa33f73c37450130b22d9c078be749be3de0fbdcc/Who-Am-I.png" data-mid="80812512" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/777/i/e001ab92376d47540ac1c74fa33f73c37450130b22d9c078be749be3de0fbdcc/Who-Am-I.png" /> <img width="490" height="703" width_o="490" height_o="703" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/b318977bf64989c34e5c4a16f736196e2631e9b4ad35b19b5e1ea30e60c2631a/LG.png" data-mid="80818844" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/490/i/b318977bf64989c34e5c4a16f736196e2631e9b4ad35b19b5e1ea30e60c2631a/LG.png" /> https://christinaxbrown.com/Who-Am-I Wed, 20 May 2020 00:10:00 +0000 Christina X Brown https://christinaxbrown.com/Who-Am-I <img width="2496" height="3548" width_o="2496" height_o="3548" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/4f8ee5f1af8813cf687f90dd76d76f1c7ddbc9593a48cf3c341a825819d34c41/ChristinaGrad2020_AlexLinScarletTong-8.jpg" data-mid="71974957" border="0" data-scale="84" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/4f8ee5f1af8813cf687f90dd76d76f1c7ddbc9593a48cf3c341a825819d34c41/ChristinaGrad2020_AlexLinScarletTong-8.jpg" /> Hello! I am a recent graduate from Carnegie Mellon University with a Bachelor of Architecture and Master of Science in Sustainable Design degrees (B.Arch + Ms.SD). Growing up in 3 different countries that varied greatly from one another, I came to recognize and appreciate the role of nature in our built environment and our social fabric. Through my pursuit of sustainability in architectural practice, I have developed passion for social resilience, circular economy, systems thinking, ecological design, and computational design in architectural practice. I strive to integrate these different aspects into my work to produce a positive impact environmentally and socially. My current on-going two year long thesis focus on developing vocabulary, evaluation criteria, and architectural strategies to implement building program externalization to design in social and environmental resiliency. I am an Associate AIA, LEED GA, and&nbsp;Ecodistrict AP, and currently pursuing architectural licensure and LEED BD+C.&nbsp; For my resume or portfolio. For inquiry, please contact me via email at cxb7543@gmail.com. Thank you! Social Medias:&nbsp;︎&nbsp; in &nbsp; https://christinaxbrown.com/Get-Out-of-Your-Comfort-Zone-Thesis Fri, 22 May 2020 01:26:46 +0000 Christina X Brown https://christinaxbrown.com/Get-Out-of-Your-Comfort-Zone-Thesis Get Out of Your Comfort Zone Externalization in Architecture to Increase Social and Environmental Connectivity Christina Brown&nbsp; |&nbsp; Bachelor of Architecture 2020, Master of Science in Sustainable Design 2020 This work was presented at the&nbsp;Asian Conference on Sustainability, Energy, and the Environment (ACSEE 2020) and will be presented at the National Council of Science and the Environment Drawdown Conference 2021 - Research to Action: Science and Solutions for a Planet Under Pressure and at the International IAFOR Conference on Sustainability, Energy, and the Environment (IICSEE Hawaii2021) as a recipient of an IAFOR Scholarship.&nbsp; Advisors:&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; [B.Arch 2019-2020]&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Marantha Dawkins (CMU), Herbert Dreiseitl (Dreiseitl Consulting), Vivian Loftness (CMU)&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; [MSSD&nbsp; 2020] &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Erica Cochran (CMU), Dana Cupkova (CMU), Vivian Loftness (CMU), Azadeh Omidfar Sawyer (CMU) <img width="1200" height="675" width_o="1200" height_o="675" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/6cdea811725ee50dd51b03d7d2331c4b174b8c811d450645b8ed6bee9666ac52/Seasonal-smallest.gif" data-mid="95858735" border="0" data-scale="100" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/6cdea811725ee50dd51b03d7d2331c4b174b8c811d450645b8ed6bee9666ac52/Seasonal-smallest.gif" /> As global warming accelerates, buildings currently account for 39% of energy-related carbon dioxide emissions annually. Despite this fact, architecture is increasingly designed to be fully boxed in and internalized, requiring increased conditioning, which in turn further contributes to the greenhouse gas emissions warming up our planet. Technology has evolved where we can now disassociate ourselves from the natural environment and isolate our spaces completely. This has also created spaces where people begin to disassociate from their community, and live within boxes both physically and socially. Though current research addresses many environmental and human health concerns that arise from internalized architecture, it does not address the social disconnection nor is there any specific terminology and research that focus on externalizing programming as a strategy. To fill this gap, this synthesis establishes important terminology and research to support ‘externalization’, and explores the environmental and social impacts of externalizing programs through both design evaluation and morphology. This synthesis first establish key terminology, literature review, case studies and research to highlight the importance and impacts of externalization both in terms of social and environmental connectivity. Then an externalization taxonomy is introduced to support designers in two ways – first as a design evaluation tool that can aid in evaluating architectural design through its environmental and social connectivity, and second as a design support for building morphology and evaluation that would better demonstrate how externalization can create integrated designs that provide layers of environmental, social, and health benefits while reducing the total building energy demands. This morphology process will be conducted on the Environmental Charter School in Garfield, with varying levels of externalization, to demonstrate the impact of externalization on architectural design while also showcasing how externalization could be integrated into architectural design practice. Lastly this synthesis will discuss the potential role of externalization in terms of the pandemic (COVID-19) and social inequity within architecture. This synthesis will provide foundational research and frameworks in regards to building program externalization, and provide preliminary research and example of how to evaluate architecture based on externalization criteria and how to integrate it into architectural design. The synthesis provides the necessary groundwork to allow for externalization to be researched further, and provide architects and designers with convincing arguments to adopt this approach into their own design work. <img width="5333" height="3333" width_o="5333" height_o="3333" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/e30a46ffdf2c3948a49af9792517829017dfc6df81777593f23a488448f67d09/website-Material.jpg" data-mid="71963653" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/e30a46ffdf2c3948a49af9792517829017dfc6df81777593f23a488448f67d09/website-Material.jpg" /> Despite the acceleration of climate change, architecture is increasingly designed as hermetically sealed boxes, requiring increased mechanical conditioning, which in turn further contributes to the greenhouse gas emissions warming up our planet. The idea of “universal climate” or “la respiration exact” created by Le Corbusier was an idea that resonated with generations of modernists. At that time the application was challenging due to technological challenges, but as technology and science continue to develop, we have now successfully achieved our goal of hermetically sealed buildings due to the innovation in the air conditioning industry and the development of the psychometric chart (Willis Carrier) (amongst other advancements). However with this new found ability to produce artificial environments, we have also successfully disassociated ourselves from the natural environment by relying solely on mechanical conditioning even when we are equally able to open a window or a door. We now treat space as a simple box, internalizing all our design efforts inside the conditioned box, rather than considering what spaces could be outside or externalized to outdoor environments.&nbsp; &nbsp; In addition to disassociating people from the natural environment, this conventional approach also creates spaces where people disconnect themselves from their communities. The social vibrancy of a community isn’t embedded into the architectural design, so a corridor is simply for walking (rather than meeting neighbors and chatting), a lobby is purely to enter the building (rather than serving as a community gathering space for all its tenants), and the rooftop is just for mechanical systems (rather than acting as an urban farming space for its community). The vibrancy of hearing children playing, people chatting, and the birds chirping is all taken away as we build glass walls around ourselves on all sides. We have internalized ourselves away from our local communities, resulting in vacant and disconnected neighborhoods.&nbsp; <img width="5333" height="1608" width_o="5333" height_o="1608" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/07fcdc94d2235f412a27ca7e96180d79cc5056211a1690b508d6d3621b040823/website-Material2.jpg" data-mid="71963654" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/07fcdc94d2235f412a27ca7e96180d79cc5056211a1690b508d6d3621b040823/website-Material2.jpg" /> Photos taken by: Vivian Loftness (far left), unknown (center left),&nbsp; Alexey Ds (center right),&nbsp; Liam Frederick (far right) “Why aren’t we embracing connections to nature and community?” I began to question why this was our status quo, and what was the reasoning behind why we designed in such a manner after studying abroad in Singapore. Throughout my study abroad experience (as shown below), I was able to experience externalized architectural spaces in various countries and climates that all demonstrated a richer environmental connectivity and social vibrancy that wasn’t present in how we currently designed architecture. This made me begin to inquire into the idea of “externalization”. <img width="5333" height="1497" width_o="5333" height_o="1497" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/8ca9acf7eee1ad8cbc577dcbc6d451a08a37c5be8d5f7d9b8ecf2d57cd135831/website-Material3.jpg" data-mid="71963655" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/8ca9acf7eee1ad8cbc577dcbc6d451a08a37c5be8d5f7d9b8ecf2d57cd135831/website-Material3.jpg" /> Photos taken by me “What does ‘externalization’ really mean? How would ‘externalization’ be evaluated?” First set of criteria is the environmental connectivity of building programming - based on how the space is sealed, how much daylight is available, and what kind of activity takes place in these spaces. <img width="2968" height="1576" width_o="2968" height_o="1576" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/1f0ff3eaf1174940c8097be3d87b758bf31e189898c2aa1debc0366560b3b262/F20-Presentation6.jpg" data-mid="95859461" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/1f0ff3eaf1174940c8097be3d87b758bf31e189898c2aa1debc0366560b3b262/F20-Presentation6.jpg" /> Why is environmental connectivity important? This could result in a significant amount of energy savings due to the decrease in conditioned internalized space. Additionally, this allow for an increase in physical activity and circulation, which can increase the overall social connection. Through environmental externalization, there is added visual richness and connectivity, and well as auditory and sensory richness. This allows for the community to gain a sense of vibrancy through architectural design. Second set of criteria is the social connectivity of building programming - ranging from individual and disconnected to urban community connectivity. <img width="2840" height="1604" width_o="2840" height_o="1604" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/cd7577610aebf7f81cd38dca5153b617875290752beaec6e2d0cdb2570650618/F20-Presentation7.jpg" data-mid="95859509" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/cd7577610aebf7f81cd38dca5153b617875290752beaec6e2d0cdb2570650618/F20-Presentation7.jpg" /> Why is social connectivity important? The increased social connections allow for the success, resiliency, and longevity of the externalization strategies through increased social connections, an increase in the amount of outdoor activities, and allow for increased socio-cultural richness. Additionally this encourages people to communicate and develop a level of tolerance through a sense of community, which can increase the community resiliency in times of crises such as the current COVID-19 pandemic. <img width="1420" height="1488" width_o="1420" height_o="1488" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/9c2a6b2b1b4d60fb7bc79bfafae33b207d911d4d5c5abafd03a4bb53f132b3f5/F20-Presentation8.jpg" data-mid="95859577" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/9c2a6b2b1b4d60fb7bc79bfafae33b207d911d4d5c5abafd03a4bb53f132b3f5/F20-Presentation8.jpg" /> Externalization Palette The full externalization palette when both the environmental connectivity and social connectivity are overlapped to create a larger palette that can then evaluate architectural design through this color schema. In doing so, it allows for immediate understanding of a design's externalization quality in regards to its social and environmental considerations and creates a set of vocabulary for building program externalization that can then evaluate architectural design through the criterias of environmental and social connectivity.&nbsp; So how do these ideas translate into existing architectural design? Shown below are 2 case study examples ( more detailed research forthcoming in publication ) that demonstrate the vocabulary ideas of the externalization palette, and highlight some notable differences for 2 healthcare typology and mixed use typology examples. &nbsp; <img width="5333" height="3156" width_o="5333" height_o="3156" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/40e25a07445ee878ccb23aaa5ed26134716480c284bc88e9211592034aeed294/website-Material4.5.jpg" data-mid="71963659" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/40e25a07445ee878ccb23aaa5ed26134716480c284bc88e9211592034aeed294/website-Material4.5.jpg" /> Photos taken by: Frank Oudeman (NY Presbyterian), Khoo Teck Puat Hospital (Khoo Teck Puat), Tom Harris (40th Tenth Ave), K. Kopter, Vivian Loftness,&nbsp;Patrick Bingham-Hall(Kampung Admiralty) Additionally, preliminary analysis were conducted to find possible correlations and patterns through a coding exercise. Eight case studies and 2 conventional examples were analyzed based on the environmental connectivity from the externalization palette (social connectivity forthcoming) and notable patterns and findings could be derived from the process.&nbsp; <img width="5333" height="3600" width_o="5333" height_o="3600" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/6b66a054275a0c8fd8dab495d86d4279973a13dd1d0918b512d7fc001c291b44/website-Material5.jpg" data-mid="71963661" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/6b66a054275a0c8fd8dab495d86d4279973a13dd1d0918b512d7fc001c291b44/website-Material5.jpg" /> Based on the externalization ratio breakdown and the key findings derived from this research, it is evident that there are distinct differences between the conventional approach to architectural design and externalized approach. We should shift our way of designing architecture from the conventional to the externalized (as shown below) to design in social and environmental resiliency and connectivity.&nbsp; <img width="5333" height="2946" width_o="5333" height_o="2946" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/4233279038025c58cdbab92c36745e3a1886bd519d8476da795696bc8d104fe6/website-Material31.jpg" data-mid="71963667" border="0" data-scale="86" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/4233279038025c58cdbab92c36745e3a1886bd519d8476da795696bc8d104fe6/website-Material31.jpg" /> Additionally, there are building programs that had more opportunities for externalization based on the case study research. <img width="5333" height="2333" width_o="5333" height_o="2333" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/dafdf86a4a2dbbe633f8af4f9452c2a1642b80af32a23a538245efe914a93179/wwebsite-Material.jpg" data-mid="71963685" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/dafdf86a4a2dbbe633f8af4f9452c2a1642b80af32a23a538245efe914a93179/wwebsite-Material.jpg" /> <img width="5333" height="2333" width_o="5333" height_o="2333" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/98c2f97a489ea2d810e9f1256ac60178105145854941799beb06ec9358b864b6/wwebsite-Material2.jpg" data-mid="71963686" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/98c2f97a489ea2d810e9f1256ac60178105145854941799beb06ec9358b864b6/wwebsite-Material2.jpg" /> <img width="5333" height="2333" width_o="5333" height_o="2333" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/418c5fdd1078f5f81ebe463949607ddb6c6da5a082508eef0c8b1982247f7842/wwebsite-Material3.jpg" data-mid="71963687" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/418c5fdd1078f5f81ebe463949607ddb6c6da5a082508eef0c8b1982247f7842/wwebsite-Material3.jpg" /> <img width="5333" height="2333" width_o="5333" height_o="2333" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/acbad4544c1a7c3021eb8521d4b50b6389aa8e6d6955d4566965ae8e2617b844/wwebsite-Material4.jpg" data-mid="71963688" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/acbad4544c1a7c3021eb8521d4b50b6389aa8e6d6955d4566965ae8e2617b844/wwebsite-Material4.jpg" /> <img width="5333" height="2333" width_o="5333" height_o="2333" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/a39c997b7db7a7462f03c45906456b54fc4149664c68a02fdd4c48002735e743/wwebsite-Material5.jpg" data-mid="71963689" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/a39c997b7db7a7462f03c45906456b54fc4149664c68a02fdd4c48002735e743/wwebsite-Material5.jpg" /> <img width="5333" height="2333" width_o="5333" height_o="2333" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/15f78f37de22650ee1fc9adcf36ae33d8216e9c15a170a48d00860101926f481/wwebsite-Material6.jpg" data-mid="71963690" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/15f78f37de22650ee1fc9adcf36ae33d8216e9c15a170a48d00860101926f481/wwebsite-Material6.jpg" /> <img width="5333" height="2333" width_o="5333" height_o="2333" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/4a070d11718875c9bcbda135e01c6e560242ae2ef1068dc3ea9e2307d4340294/wwebsite-Material7.jpg" data-mid="71963691" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/4a070d11718875c9bcbda135e01c6e560242ae2ef1068dc3ea9e2307d4340294/wwebsite-Material7.jpg" /> <img width="5333" height="2333" width_o="5333" height_o="2333" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/790ec4516bb34b845d0dce6daf9b4ba8e476e1f46b6a770f670e72ffd283b26b/wwebsite-Material8.jpg" data-mid="71963692" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/790ec4516bb34b845d0dce6daf9b4ba8e476e1f46b6a770f670e72ffd283b26b/wwebsite-Material8.jpg" /> <img width="5333" height="2333" width_o="5333" height_o="2333" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/cb2a0fe3c52ebfb2c566f2295a0887534b08c0086538378f086201dda952d646/wwebsite-Material9.jpg" data-mid="71963693" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/cb2a0fe3c52ebfb2c566f2295a0887534b08c0086538378f086201dda952d646/wwebsite-Material9.jpg" /> <img width="5333" height="2333" width_o="5333" height_o="2333" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/7e06beebbb9b5d4796a3932ebe1acbd60396c395b2e9191b1e6783832bec4e63/wwebsite-Material10.jpg" data-mid="71963694" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/7e06beebbb9b5d4796a3932ebe1acbd60396c395b2e9191b1e6783832bec4e63/wwebsite-Material10.jpg" /> “ By understanding both the vocabulary and the types of building programs to externalize, how can externalized architectural forms enable human-nature connectivity, and what is the vocabulary for such architectural design? ” Through the analysis of over 30 case studies across different climate types, typologies, and geographical locations, it was found that most new constructions prevailed in the conventional 4 blocks, while successfully externalized designs had spaces that were in the lower 12 quadrants. Based on the research, it is evident that there are distinct differences between the conventional approach and externalized approach. We should shift our way of designing architecture from the conventional to the externalized to design in social and environmental connectivity. In order to do that, I have developed an externalization taxonomy of 50 strategies to help designers to shift their approach from an internalized perspective to externalized.&nbsp; <img width="3000" height="1688" width_o="3000" height_o="1688" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/dc48328517324fb6e3d3e1ce492d4a18b74fc38a787999947149c88ffe70401a/F20-Presentation.jpg" data-mid="95860596" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/dc48328517324fb6e3d3e1ce492d4a18b74fc38a787999947149c88ffe70401a/F20-Presentation.jpg" /> <img width="3000" height="1688" width_o="3000" height_o="1688" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/338e24827d7e838a777a15d2daa7a679e370408fcadff46f0423fb0facc22ab8/F20-Presentation2.jpg" data-mid="95860595" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/338e24827d7e838a777a15d2daa7a679e370408fcadff46f0423fb0facc22ab8/F20-Presentation2.jpg" /> The taxonomy distinguish specific architectural design elements that externalize various building programming with varying environmental and social impacts. This begins to create a series of design strategies that can then be implemented into architectural design to allow for imbedded externalization. The strategies attribute to various parts of the externalization palette, allowing for a diverse set of strategies that can provide varying amounts of environmental and social connectivity based on the program and context of a project. To view the 50 taxonomy cards in detail or to download a printable version of the taxonomy, please click here. What is the immediate difference in the strategy quality? Comparisons are made for specific taxonomy strategies to demosntrate the impact and value of externalization even at small interventional scales.&nbsp; <img width="5333" height="2533" width_o="5333" height_o="2533" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/826bb5a5317a6daff991f87888ef92e757ea70f2697f18bec5d8eea8e05c6cb8/website-Material7.jpg" data-mid="71963663" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/826bb5a5317a6daff991f87888ef92e757ea70f2697f18bec5d8eea8e05c6cb8/website-Material7.jpg" /> Photos taken by: Philippe Ruault (Lacaton), 2020 Beaux Arts&nbsp;(SkyVue), Peter Aaron/OTTO(Loblolly) <img width="5333" height="2533" width_o="5333" height_o="2533" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/178af57317974fe4c42dcbc0da83d3255117ca8ef5a805d23da3cdbfc707ed6a/website-Material8.jpg" data-mid="71963664" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/178af57317974fe4c42dcbc0da83d3255117ca8ef5a805d23da3cdbfc707ed6a/website-Material8.jpg" /> Photos taken by: Bruce Coleman&nbsp;(Porter), Hiroyuki Oki (Stacking Green), Yercekim Architectural Photography (Intertech), KLOOK (Pompidou) <img width="5333" height="2533" width_o="5333" height_o="2533" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/7b03f2aac16ee0e57f455f3f1092ea7c5248a7cde680e37ef56d6793bcbd3c6b/website-Material9.jpg" data-mid="71963665" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/7b03f2aac16ee0e57f455f3f1092ea7c5248a7cde680e37ef56d6793bcbd3c6b/website-Material9.jpg" /> Photos taken by: Yercekim Architectural Photography (Intertech), SsD (Songpa), Mitar Mitrovic (New Belgrade), Frank Ockert (IBN) How can these strategies be applied to and&nbsp;improve architectural design? And what are the environmental and social impacts&nbsp;that can be achieved through the inclusion of externalized building programming within architectural design? How can we shift architectural design from the conventional into the externalized? <img width="5333" height="2514" width_o="5333" height_o="2514" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/1b70b61ee54c93a56921b2cccd6ab8eb9eca89404919ecb1a759af3a462f9f52/website-Material31.5.jpg" data-mid="71963666" border="0" data-scale="75" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/1b70b61ee54c93a56921b2cccd6ab8eb9eca89404919ecb1a759af3a462f9f52/website-Material31.5.jpg" /> To answer these questions, 4 specific strategies were chosen and applied to a case study in Pittsburgh to better understand its impact on the building’s design, its daylighting and energy performance, and lastly its experiential impact.&nbsp; The four specific strategies chosen where the shutter facade, dynamic facade, periphery social, and terraced garden strategies. &nbsp; <img width="1500" height="844" width_o="1500" height_o="844" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/6af478a6f5a50e60acf871a146fb99cbfee4d4ea25a1eea2577a82112ffef3be/F20-Presentation21.jpg" data-mid="98716506" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/6af478a6f5a50e60acf871a146fb99cbfee4d4ea25a1eea2577a82112ffef3be/F20-Presentation21.jpg" /> <img width="1500" height="844" width_o="1500" height_o="844" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/d4bef5b2393797d9e6d00e1e62159ce1168925e2984f213aed341625c93a577a/F20-Presentation22.jpg" data-mid="98716508" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/d4bef5b2393797d9e6d00e1e62159ce1168925e2984f213aed341625c93a577a/F20-Presentation22.jpg" /> <img width="1500" height="844" width_o="1500" height_o="844" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/7c61f7d694dd7bec93800697951bb9e7f5c1231442bdcb2e298006d2032b3741/F20-Presentation23.jpg" data-mid="98716509" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/7c61f7d694dd7bec93800697951bb9e7f5c1231442bdcb2e298006d2032b3741/F20-Presentation23.jpg" /> These 4 strategies were applied to the Environmental Charter School in Garfield to explore the value of externalization in architectural design. Due to the constraint of time, I focused on only the western half of the building. <img width="1500" height="844" width_o="1500" height_o="844" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/7e0a92c046c516a93c7620a38fd2091c3e80c44a3f2bbb4a45dee3e869025f4a/F20-Presentation24.jpg" data-mid="98716920" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/7e0a92c046c516a93c7620a38fd2091c3e80c44a3f2bbb4a45dee3e869025f4a/F20-Presentation24.jpg" /> The Environmental Charter School (ECS) in garfield is a middle school that has 6th to 9th grade students. The school has an unique out-the-door learning approach that greatly values outdoor learning environments and space for the community (as shown in the school’s mission statement below). “The ECS Middle School houses students from sixth grade through eighth grade with ninth grade opening in the Fall of 2020. Built in 1914 and located in the Garfield community, the Middle School has easy access to public transit and bike trails. The building sits on an almost 3 acre site and accommodates the school’s unique out-the-door learning approach. In an urban location, the property has upper and lower green spaces outside of the school to double as outdoor learning environments for the students and a space for the community. Several community spaces and parks are within walking distance. “ However the existing architecture has sealed windows with internalized spaces that doesn’t encourage students to experience the outdoors. The internalized architecture does not align with the intent and goals of the ECS. <img width="1500" height="844" width_o="1500" height_o="844" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/085ec55a8b571513f4d58eba8062d858520b61c93a2f97587b18dddbbb3e153b/F20-Presentation27.jpg" data-mid="98717887" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/085ec55a8b571513f4d58eba8062d858520b61c93a2f97587b18dddbbb3e153b/F20-Presentation27.jpg" /> <img width="1500" height="844" width_o="1500" height_o="844" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/2248ea78e3d52dd3765cd54e528818a99e869d4d96a1ac770b1a5f9ad27e9866/F20-Presentation28.jpg" data-mid="98717879" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/2248ea78e3d52dd3765cd54e528818a99e869d4d96a1ac770b1a5f9ad27e9866/F20-Presentation28.jpg" /> <img width="1500" height="844" width_o="1500" height_o="844" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/a8df768bb609ece6ec97548dddae75a7f452835fae3fca394e3437e18efc9a78/F20-Presentation29.jpg" data-mid="98717880" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/a8df768bb609ece6ec97548dddae75a7f452835fae3fca394e3437e18efc9a78/F20-Presentation29.jpg" /> <img width="1500" height="844" width_o="1500" height_o="844" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/663eac29bcf1a88060b4d10bf406300f686d735cfe907114a7b4bf5e612490e1/F20-Presentation30.jpg" data-mid="98717878" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/663eac29bcf1a88060b4d10bf406300f686d735cfe907114a7b4bf5e612490e1/F20-Presentation30.jpg" /> To explore the impacts of externalization further, an understanding of the existing conditions at ECS are needed. First the building externalization ratios and statistics are provided, along with a mapping of the spaces based on program relative to externalization.&nbsp; Analyzing the current baseline, the school is primarily enclosed with visual connection alone. The paved area and the parking lot is used for students to play, along with nearby green spaces outside of the focused site. <img width="1500" height="844" width_o="1500" height_o="844" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/ce27cf6ee72dd0f5fcab3c9ebaf8717a705088674162d8243269b778e2a61370/F20-Presentation31.jpg" data-mid="98717902" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/ce27cf6ee72dd0f5fcab3c9ebaf8717a705088674162d8243269b778e2a61370/F20-Presentation31.jpg" /> So what value would externalization bring? The first strategy - shutter facade - woudl provide operability so students and faculty can take advantage of natural ventilation and connections to the outdoors. <img width="1500" height="844" width_o="1500" height_o="844" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/9e09ca5d8cb143906066521ca674eb3f15b6ac87666b9070cbd3b8d472dbf533/F20-Presentation32.jpg" data-mid="98718044" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/9e09ca5d8cb143906066521ca674eb3f15b6ac87666b9070cbd3b8d472dbf533/F20-Presentation32.jpg" /> The outdoor play areas are also landscaped and vegetated so students on the ground floor can run out directly from the classrooms. There is still significant amount of fully internalized spaces, though the sealed classroom spaces are now dynamically externalized, offering biophilic benefits that are important to student wellbeing and performance.&nbsp; <img width="1500" height="844" width_o="1500" height_o="844" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/b03a7083c6f3149ed63df018f8e2310c83cf94aa990f8dbf76e2461884e27890/F20-Presentation33.jpg" data-mid="98718018" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/b03a7083c6f3149ed63df018f8e2310c83cf94aa990f8dbf76e2461884e27890/F20-Presentation33.jpg" /> <img width="1500" height="844" width_o="1500" height_o="844" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/50d6ea3617bb00c65f333fec9d4de3358c47f4271be2e1d1e22ee0312158b8f5/F20-Presentation34.jpg" data-mid="98718019" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/50d6ea3617bb00c65f333fec9d4de3358c47f4271be2e1d1e22ee0312158b8f5/F20-Presentation34.jpg" /> And experientially, it can greatly impact how classes are taught and the relationship of students to the outdoors. <img width="1500" height="844" width_o="1500" height_o="844" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/1868710eaa291ab018c3dd8782618183e91f8531433f5b18c141388046439504/F20-Presentation35.jpg" data-mid="98718175" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/1868710eaa291ab018c3dd8782618183e91f8531433f5b18c141388046439504/F20-Presentation35.jpg" /> Another strategy with greater alterations to the baseline is the dynamic facade, which provides even more porosity and flexibility into the architectural design. A dynamic buffer zone is also added on the southern facade to take advantage of thermal capture in winter months. <img width="1500" height="844" width_o="1500" height_o="844" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/99058c722d4df48507b80c85c350281945a7544e9961eedd074c25654202f815/F20-Presentation36.jpg" data-mid="98718210" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/99058c722d4df48507b80c85c350281945a7544e9961eedd074c25654202f815/F20-Presentation36.jpg" /> This strategy also allows for mostly dynamically externalized spaces, but increases the amount of high function externalized spaces through balconies. This results in great increases in teachable area, social area, and playable area through the added buffer space and balcony additions. <img width="1500" height="844" width_o="1500" height_o="844" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/ed8a08461be1684812ba455ca11fb7c66f4776a9a7760a450378644b12ebad44/F20-Presentation38.jpg" data-mid="98718212" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/ed8a08461be1684812ba455ca11fb7c66f4776a9a7760a450378644b12ebad44/F20-Presentation38.jpg" /> <img width="1500" height="844" width_o="1500" height_o="844" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/8903e12524a95d3e6b97d00f101d4c0a0ede0f1a8e88f63d89ba9c8c1c1d80cc/F20-Presentation37.jpg" data-mid="98718213" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/8903e12524a95d3e6b97d00f101d4c0a0ede0f1a8e88f63d89ba9c8c1c1d80cc/F20-Presentation37.jpg" /> This offers a very different connection to the outdoors for the students, while still providing many of the externalization benefits. <img width="1500" height="844" width_o="1500" height_o="844" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/46134bb0e538f0d7491e39e1813c3a83c55e047ca61af89571760db8949c7d09/F20-Presentation39.jpg" data-mid="98718254" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/46134bb0e538f0d7491e39e1813c3a83c55e047ca61af89571760db8949c7d09/F20-Presentation39.jpg" /> The third strategy is the terraced garden, which aims to embrace ecology while offering both social and biophilic benefits. In this iteration there is a terraced landscape on the western side that embraces a bigger outdoor play area for the students. The parking lot is in return moved offsite to the adjacent openspace. The southern paved area is now transformed into a flexible garden space and outdoor kitchen space with balconies on the second and third floors. <img width="1500" height="844" width_o="1500" height_o="844" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/c93ccae66ecd641e6d89729037cee445addd6452a681828fee355e3f1c9164c9/F20-Presentation40.jpg" data-mid="98718292" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/c93ccae66ecd641e6d89729037cee445addd6452a681828fee355e3f1c9164c9/F20-Presentation40.jpg" /> This approach greatly increases the amount of high function externalized spaces, with the majority of the design being either dynamically or fully externalized to the outdoors. This also results in incredible increases in the total teachable area, social area, playable area, and circulation in the outdoors. <img width="1500" height="844" width_o="1500" height_o="844" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/bbf7baaa6410d91ff757a3e88bcf8570277f1f444285833905c1298cd59b96c1/F20-Presentation41.jpg" data-mid="98718298" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/bbf7baaa6410d91ff757a3e88bcf8570277f1f444285833905c1298cd59b96c1/F20-Presentation41.jpg" /> <img width="1500" height="844" width_o="1500" height_o="844" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/2a2965e86ce7af80506f4f61f6c4a7b690473dc3465ecea73c84549d9dbd3dc3/F20-Presentation42.jpg" data-mid="98718299" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/2a2965e86ce7af80506f4f61f6c4a7b690473dc3465ecea73c84549d9dbd3dc3/F20-Presentation42.jpg" /> And experientially, this could greatly impact the ECS curriculum and allow for the teachers to provide more hands on activities with the integration of farming, gardening, and cooking. <img width="1500" height="844" width_o="1500" height_o="844" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/7097f6edc4213e7a00f978c95059b174601b4a925460116ff9beada743ab8b29/F20-Presentation43.jpg" data-mid="98718323" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/7097f6edc4213e7a00f978c95059b174601b4a925460116ff9beada743ab8b29/F20-Presentation43.jpg" /> Lastly, periphery social completely transforms the school by pushing the circulation to the perimeter of the building. This hollows out the building center to create a new atrium that can allow light to penetrate in. This also provides the school flexibility to adjust the building’s porosity based on seasonal conditions. <img width="1500" height="844" width_o="1500" height_o="844" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/fe59334fe8267d4fa6978c0e662b757e5ed317236dcd6cdcb084cecd772770f3/F20-Presentation44.jpg" data-mid="98718338" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/fe59334fe8267d4fa6978c0e662b757e5ed317236dcd6cdcb084cecd772770f3/F20-Presentation44.jpg" /> This approach makes the building primarily dynamically externalized based on seasonal conditions, and offer more natural daylight into the whole building. <img width="1500" height="844" width_o="1500" height_o="844" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/a82ead5cd179df1e5109fd0140e217af777e13ebc519a4d0c25adc982519080a/F20-Presentation46.jpg" data-mid="98718371" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/a82ead5cd179df1e5109fd0140e217af777e13ebc519a4d0c25adc982519080a/F20-Presentation46.jpg" /> <img width="1500" height="844" width_o="1500" height_o="844" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/cb7d86b6c115ebdbb994ac870b821d15029843162737ef5110d01eabe13ce8bf/F20-Presentation45.jpg" data-mid="98718372" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/cb7d86b6c115ebdbb994ac870b821d15029843162737ef5110d01eabe13ce8bf/F20-Presentation45.jpg" /> Experientially, this also differs greatly from previous approaches while still being highly externalized, though it is predominantly dynamic externalization. <img width="1500" height="844" width_o="1500" height_o="844" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/f441d1e95d389f8112631279bbf7a1e1b618a3c62081dfb02f762f380a2f156b/F20-Presentation47.jpg" data-mid="98718387" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/f441d1e95d389f8112631279bbf7a1e1b618a3c62081dfb02f762f380a2f156b/F20-Presentation47.jpg" /> Performatively, each iteration is also half of the US national median EUI for schools through externalization, which equipment now becoming the main energy load factor in each iteration. <img width="1500" height="796" width_o="1500" height_o="796" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/e9d08854d3d33a25de0e9550d6271aa1dfdb4d46805582a6d8e03166e5ccee7a/F20-Presentation48.jpg" data-mid="98718587" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/e9d08854d3d33a25de0e9550d6271aa1dfdb4d46805582a6d8e03166e5ccee7a/F20-Presentation48.jpg" /> <img width="1500" height="728" width_o="1500" height_o="728" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/8858dbbf16b1d2fdbc24d2c29449798ab150a2067e8e9431f32c4c1cd022f529/F20-Presentation49.jpg" data-mid="98718589" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/8858dbbf16b1d2fdbc24d2c29449798ab150a2067e8e9431f32c4c1cd022f529/F20-Presentation49.jpg" /> Additionally daylight analysis shows that the daylight quality improves greatly through these designs due to increased connections to the environment. So what worked well in each iteration? Each iteration does have both benefits and flaws, though it showed significant value even as a starting point using the 4 externalized strategies separately. <img width="1500" height="582" width_o="1500" height_o="582" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/7e78fd490b3d431f7eeff02aac47f77cb889ebcf4e3d699360ffa2eae570376a/F20-Presentation50.jpg" data-mid="98718778" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/7e78fd490b3d431f7eeff02aac47f77cb889ebcf4e3d699360ffa2eae570376a/F20-Presentation50.jpg" /> When these ideas are combined together to reflect a more externalized design approach, the school transforms even further from the original baseline. Where a classroom experience can now be porous, open, responsive; where the hallways can now be externalized as well with light penetration down to the ground floor; and where outdoor play areas can now become like these that allow for the classroom and activity room to spill out, better aligning with the school’s “out-the-door” learning approach.&nbsp; <img width="1500" height="657" width_o="1500" height_o="657" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/159e6270269291151881b2b130f4d5ec35971cb0ea128fe51226926a8635def7/F20-Presentation51.jpg" data-mid="98718833" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/159e6270269291151881b2b130f4d5ec35971cb0ea128fe51226926a8635def7/F20-Presentation51.jpg" /> <img width="1500" height="656" width_o="1500" height_o="656" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/18b2374ef108e87b25f1d9fd4420f91418222e4b075fc398ea487c867637df5a/F20-Presentation52.jpg" data-mid="98718834" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/18b2374ef108e87b25f1d9fd4420f91418222e4b075fc398ea487c867637df5a/F20-Presentation52.jpg" /> <img width="1500" height="656" width_o="1500" height_o="656" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/ba25e610161cc2bc338bbfd595b97efc719c345daa9b8815cd19b5a317fcb2aa/F20-Presentation53.jpg" data-mid="98718835" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/ba25e610161cc2bc338bbfd595b97efc719c345daa9b8815cd19b5a317fcb2aa/F20-Presentation53.jpg" /> And lastly, it can adapt over time, making the architecture more connective, flexible, and dynamic. <img width="1200" height="675" width_o="1200" height_o="675" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/48758042ec1f5fa65240f735b1f65f63b0800c1bf73b1630d418ea27cc80f5a8/Seasonal-smallest.gif" data-mid="98718956" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/48758042ec1f5fa65240f735b1f65f63b0800c1bf73b1630d418ea27cc80f5a8/Seasonal-smallest.gif" />From the growing impacts of climate change and concerns for building energy loads to the established importance of nature on human health and wellbeing as we become increasingly urbanized to the growing concerns for isolation and social disconnectivity, how we understand ‘boundary’ and shape our spaces become ever more critical. The conventional approach of internalization was supported and bolstered by the development of technology, but as new concerns arise in the 21st century, it is necessary for architecture to shift from the internalized design approach that have become the ‘norm’ to a new externalized design approach that reconnect people to the environment and to each other. This synthesis establishes foundational research, framework, and design work to encourage and support design professionals in shifting from the current internalized design approach to an externalized approach that allows its occupants to embrace both nature and the community, so that we can create spatial environments that embraces connectivity rather than isolation. Thank you for reading.&nbsp; More detailed simulation work from the design iterations are shown below.&nbsp; <img width="1500" height="844" width_o="1500" height_o="844" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/bba9e5d90a4c86c97c767db7550f3bdd2f6af64f22f84c4412d89bc0a34ce58b/F20-Presentation61.jpg" data-mid="98719120" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/bba9e5d90a4c86c97c767db7550f3bdd2f6af64f22f84c4412d89bc0a34ce58b/F20-Presentation61.jpg" /> <img width="1500" height="844" width_o="1500" height_o="844" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/eb5a855e08c05ed7c5123037e3c8c8996a6d17d73095e4417a14a7b8d13f2110/F20-Presentation62.jpg" data-mid="98719121" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/eb5a855e08c05ed7c5123037e3c8c8996a6d17d73095e4417a14a7b8d13f2110/F20-Presentation62.jpg" /> <img width="1500" height="844" width_o="1500" height_o="844" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/e4c34395cf49411b7a86dc8c6724e683e332900af3bd5598115d21b136ab6b55/F20-Presentation63.jpg" data-mid="98719122" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/e4c34395cf49411b7a86dc8c6724e683e332900af3bd5598115d21b136ab6b55/F20-Presentation63.jpg" /> <img width="1500" height="844" width_o="1500" height_o="844" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/d8f766d28a9344d33cd32704f4ba2dfeac7b55c930a93e57719d73574a2173d5/F20-Presentation64.jpg" data-mid="98719123" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/d8f766d28a9344d33cd32704f4ba2dfeac7b55c930a93e57719d73574a2173d5/F20-Presentation64.jpg" /> <img width="1500" height="844" width_o="1500" height_o="844" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/0ecf01055a372dca2b607f46819d58966624e1a87fc44032b6b1b256c5c3ef1f/F20-Presentation65.jpg" data-mid="98719124" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/0ecf01055a372dca2b607f46819d58966624e1a87fc44032b6b1b256c5c3ef1f/F20-Presentation65.jpg" /> <img width="1500" height="844" width_o="1500" height_o="844" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/76784d4d00bfff4097b0714d4a6d95b6f1e483031519e5b49106d078fa520b8c/F20-Presentation66.jpg" data-mid="98719125" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/76784d4d00bfff4097b0714d4a6d95b6f1e483031519e5b49106d078fa520b8c/F20-Presentation66.jpg" /> <img width="1500" height="844" width_o="1500" height_o="844" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/1cd0bf7039e027d9d3bca0ab7734fb62656d7429dfa27fa9e71bc287d445ab18/F20-Presentation67.jpg" data-mid="98719126" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/1cd0bf7039e027d9d3bca0ab7734fb62656d7429dfa27fa9e71bc287d445ab18/F20-Presentation67.jpg" /> <img width="1500" height="844" width_o="1500" height_o="844" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/e702d2d77e462f077e6a5f56b617f6fb50f1461f51307b8abd44a98b64e14f02/F20-Presentation68.jpg" data-mid="98719127" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/e702d2d77e462f077e6a5f56b617f6fb50f1461f51307b8abd44a98b64e14f02/F20-Presentation68.jpg" /> <img width="1500" height="844" width_o="1500" height_o="844" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/b167b9aaaa48d4d06b70b763fc8bc9869aca353e93e38a7e95ca24450eb51839/F20-Presentation69.jpg" data-mid="98719128" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/b167b9aaaa48d4d06b70b763fc8bc9869aca353e93e38a7e95ca24450eb51839/F20-Presentation69.jpg" /> <img width="1500" height="844" width_o="1500" height_o="844" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/7bc9891b3701079ecd26d0b3c7805e2d32fec94d40476b6a32329c581bf624a7/F20-Presentation56.jpg" data-mid="98719114" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/7bc9891b3701079ecd26d0b3c7805e2d32fec94d40476b6a32329c581bf624a7/F20-Presentation56.jpg" /> <img width="1500" height="844" width_o="1500" height_o="844" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/f7499d4c331d4e82092c78e5d694b88bbe72234119603c73c431a35423b7f3cd/F20-Presentation57.jpg" data-mid="98719115" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/f7499d4c331d4e82092c78e5d694b88bbe72234119603c73c431a35423b7f3cd/F20-Presentation57.jpg" /> <img width="1500" height="844" width_o="1500" height_o="844" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/26c8baee06b685ccd81d99a2586e6aee04bfe2c19b0d418e3d984027969a92d4/F20-Presentation58.jpg" data-mid="98719116" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/26c8baee06b685ccd81d99a2586e6aee04bfe2c19b0d418e3d984027969a92d4/F20-Presentation58.jpg" /> <img width="1500" height="844" width_o="1500" height_o="844" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/4d2367759a6bc2cf02edc17e2ee5166c810c7f488be7a2cb8065f38454379f93/F20-Presentation59.jpg" data-mid="98719118" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/4d2367759a6bc2cf02edc17e2ee5166c810c7f488be7a2cb8065f38454379f93/F20-Presentation59.jpg" /> <img width="1500" height="844" width_o="1500" height_o="844" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/0fd926a284dfe782f41298bc4f080dda09800e0d074a93ad2142df2ddba2ca4b/F20-Presentation60.jpg" data-mid="98719119" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/0fd926a284dfe782f41298bc4f080dda09800e0d074a93ad2142df2ddba2ca4b/F20-Presentation60.jpg" /> https://christinaxbrown.com/Externalization-Taxonomy-Thesis Fri, 22 Jan 2021 16:46:28 +0000 Christina X Brown https://christinaxbrown.com/Externalization-Taxonomy-Thesis Externalization Taxonomy&nbsp; From the thesis Get Out of Your Comfort Zone Christina Brown&nbsp; |&nbsp; Bachelor of Architecture 2020, Master of Science in Sustainable Design 2020 “ How do you design with externalization in mind?” Through the analysis of over 30 case studies across different climate types, typologies, and geographical locations, it was found that most new constructions prevailed in the conventional 4 blocks, while successfully externalized designs had spaces that were in the lower 12 quadrants. Based on the research, it is evident that there are distinct differences between the conventional approach and externalized approach. We should shift our way of designing architecture from the conventional to the externalized to design in social and environmental connectivity. In order to do that, I have developed an externalization taxonomy of 50 strategies to help designers to shift their approach from an internalized perspective to externalized. To download a printable version of the taxonomy, please click here. Once printed, please fold along the dotted lines.&nbsp; <img width="3000" height="1688" width_o="3000" height_o="1688" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/dc48328517324fb6e3d3e1ce492d4a18b74fc38a787999947149c88ffe70401a/F20-Presentation.jpg" data-mid="96085130" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/dc48328517324fb6e3d3e1ce492d4a18b74fc38a787999947149c88ffe70401a/F20-Presentation.jpg" /> <img width="3000" height="1688" width_o="3000" height_o="1688" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/338e24827d7e838a777a15d2daa7a679e370408fcadff46f0423fb0facc22ab8/F20-Presentation2.jpg" data-mid="96085129" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/338e24827d7e838a777a15d2daa7a679e370408fcadff46f0423fb0facc22ab8/F20-Presentation2.jpg" /> The taxonomy distinguish specific architectural design elements that externalize various building programming with varying environmental and social impacts. This begins to create a series of design strategies that can then be implemented into architectural design to allow for imbedded externalization. The strategies attribute to various parts of the externalization palette, allowing for a diverse set of strategies that can provide varying amounts of environmental and social connectivity based on the program and context of a project. To see each card in more detail, feel free to view the Miro board below and zoom into each card. This board will be actively updated as edits, updates, new case study references and more are added to this taxonomy.&nbsp; https://christinaxbrown.com/Sungei-Kadut-Masterplan Wed, 20 May 2020 00:10:01 +0000 Christina X Brown https://christinaxbrown.com/Sungei-Kadut-Masterplan Sungei Kadut Masterplan Re-imagining Sungei Kadut as an resilient, intelligent, efficient, and circular industrial hub of Singapore Christina Brown&nbsp; |&nbsp; Spring 2019 Study Abroad&nbsp; |&nbsp; National University of Singapore, Master of Science in Integrated Sustainable Design Studio Project Team: Samyuktha Badrinarayanan, Jhanvi Yogesh Sanghvi, Supratim Sengupta, Harsh Vardhan Advisors: Nirmal Kishnani (NUS), Wong Mun Summ (WOHA), Herbert Dreiseitl (NUS/Dreiseitl Consulting)&nbsp; &nbsp; <img width="4000" height="4286" width_o="4000" height_o="4286" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/2fe036eaf380b587a7351105600f8ec08d32ba435d0100ac8fcb029df3235e73/Final-Axo-View_Low-LOW-Res.jpg" data-mid="80826932" border="0" data-scale="99" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/2fe036eaf380b587a7351105600f8ec08d32ba435d0100ac8fcb029df3235e73/Final-Axo-View_Low-LOW-Res.jpg" /> Sungei Kadut is an industrial estate located on the Northern edge of Singapore that contains a large portion of construcion industry and mangufacturing industry within the country. This masterplan re-imagines how Sungei Kadut can function within an ecological framework that is resilient, intelligent, efficient, and circular. Through intensive workshops on circular economy, ecology and sustainability, and urban design, a framework understanding of ecological thinking and circular economy was developed for this 6km sqm site.Circular Economy WS: Ken Webster (Ellen MacArthur Foundation), Sann Carriere (So Now) Ecology/Sustainability WS: Chrisna Du Plessis (University of Pretoria), and Anuj Jain (BioSea, Biomimicry Singapore Network) Urban Design WS: Serge Salat (Urban Morphology and Complex Systems Institute) The project was sponsored by Jurong Town Corporation (JTC), a subgroup of the Ministry of Welfare in Singapore. The final design for this studio was presented to government officials, and exhibited at the Singapore URA. The design work contributed to a S$650 million masterplan project for the Sungei Kadut industrial estate, and is an on-going collection of work as a part of the graduate studio. <img width="2846" height="1147" width_o="2846" height_o="1147" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/fa400faa8755dae06d79294fce382ac75a1e47c0cf305d8413d863b7bead5ac0/SK-4.jpg" data-mid="81204158" border="0" data-scale="80" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/fa400faa8755dae06d79294fce382ac75a1e47c0cf305d8413d863b7bead5ac0/SK-4.jpg" /> <img width="1238" height="1500" width_o="1238" height_o="1500" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/76429ad7b9f755f52c784160d5ed4019ab6231605731d1513dbd59102cf2a33a/SK-2.jpg" data-mid="81204156" border="0" data-scale="88" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/76429ad7b9f755f52c784160d5ed4019ab6231605731d1513dbd59102cf2a33a/SK-2.jpg" /> Sungei Kadut is an industrial estate on the Northern edge of Singapore. This 6km estate is situated within important blue and green contexts, as well as near several agro-tech centers. As Singapore continue to focus on improving transportation, living quality, environmental protection, and addressing concerns for food scarcity and food production, these different contexts become increasingly important for the site’s development.&nbsp;Taking these important contexts in mind, it was necessary to understand the potentials and concerns within the site, and develop strategies for how the different layers could work collectively to create a circular and healthy ecosystem.&nbsp;From the development, a series of layers are broken down to devleop a new mixed use estate that focus on innovation and technology while integrating the natural systems and exisiting contexts.&nbsp; With the aid of professors Herbert Dreiseitl and Anuj Jain, we developed blue green infrastructure strategy for Sungei Kadut. This breaks down into 3 key sections: BiodiversityEcosystem ServicesEdge Conditions &nbsp; Biodiversity &nbsp; Working with biologist Anuj Jain, different habitat types and flora/fauna specifies were identified for the site. These were developed based on the exisiting and historical conditions of Sungei Kadut to help rejuvenate the local environment. The patch size, canal quality, species on site, and the connectivity of the green infrastructure were all considered to allow for the preservation of local biodiversity. Given that Singapore is a key biodiversity hotspot, local conservation and strengthening of the ecological connectivity is crucial, and played a large role in the blue green infrastructure development.&nbsp; &nbsp; Ecosystem Services &nbsp;Through the use of the ESII tool, the existing site ecosystem and new proposed ecosystem were analyzed for tis ecosystem services. This breaks down into 4 categories - water, beauty, soil, and air quality. Quantitative benefits could be extracted from the tool to understand the impact and benefits that the proposed infrastructure offered, and provided additional information that supported considerations for land use distribution and ecological integration based on desired services.&nbsp; &nbsp; Edge Conditions &nbsp;13 edge conditions were developed to highlight the diversity of experiences that would be offered on site. Each condition is located within a different area of the site, and each offers very different experiences to the occupants. The ecosystem services that are related to each edge condition is highlighted, as well as notable programmatic features and a relavant case study example is provided. These conditions showcase key blue green infrastructural details that relates to programmatic functions and regenerative site solutions.&nbsp; <img width="1238" height="1371" width_o="1238" height_o="1371" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/c637ad3d80f9dbb074f833abba7d6f607a4d95428d86688dc118f76307a2db39/SK-3.jpg" data-mid="81204157" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/c637ad3d80f9dbb074f833abba7d6f607a4d95428d86688dc118f76307a2db39/SK-3.jpg" /> <img width="2475" height="1404" width_o="2475" height_o="1404" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/b302441d888e1cd087ecada17a54d8ac912ff8de707039518bb31936cfe384fa/SK-1.jpg" data-mid="81207209" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/b302441d888e1cd087ecada17a54d8ac912ff8de707039518bb31936cfe384fa/SK-1.jpg" /> <img width="3795" height="2042" width_o="3795" height_o="2042" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/b5ddf63e087ac798b216da9aa1b77e546ade76dfc3b0fb6d25145f2124fc600e/Project-Final-Review-Presentation--4.jpg" data-mid="81207478" border="0" data-scale="51" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/b5ddf63e087ac798b216da9aa1b77e546ade76dfc3b0fb6d25145f2124fc600e/Project-Final-Review-Presentation--4.jpg" /> <img width="1600" height="1068" width_o="1600" height_o="1068" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/974fbec14b6812a0aef289c158a1acc6a76d875b0411449347db389c07fca6cc/URA-Exhibition_Classmate-Presenting-Work-to-Trade-and-Industry-Minister-Chan-Chun-Sing.jpg" data-mid="81207479" border="0" data-scale="41" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/974fbec14b6812a0aef289c158a1acc6a76d875b0411449347db389c07fca6cc/URA-Exhibition_Classmate-Presenting-Work-to-Trade-and-Industry-Minister-Chan-Chun-Sing.jpg" /> &nbsp; Project that continues &nbsp; The work was presented to government officials and key professionals at the end of the study abroad experience, with Supratim and I leading the discussion.&nbsp;The design were exhibited at the Singapore URA later, which was made public and presented to additional government officials.&nbsp;The official S$650 million project for Sungei Kadut was announced soon after.&nbsp; https://christinaxbrown.com/Spatial-Implications-of-COVID-19 Tue, 25 Aug 2020 18:54:14 +0000 Christina X Brown https://christinaxbrown.com/Spatial-Implications-of-COVID-19 Spatial Implications of COVID-19 Summer 2020 Independent Study | Professor: Nida Rehman This project contributes to the Spaces of Containment and Care project by N. Rehman as a part of the Center for the Arts in Society (CAS) borderline initiative. More than 5.5 million cases of COVID-19 have been confirmed globally, and more than 325,000 people have passed away due to this pandemic. Without a vaccine for COVID-19, space play a large role as spatial responses and epidemic countermeasures — enabling different formations of quarantine, social distancing, and isolation. How do public health regulations and policies issued at various governmental scales translate into spatial implementations? What are the cultural variations that arise? To answer these questions, 3 cities were analyzed and compared to the guidelines provided by the World Health Organization. The 3 cities were New York City, Mumbai, and Hong Kong. More than 10 cities were considered, and the geographical, climatic, economic, political, and cultural contexts were all taken into consideration. Also due to potential language constraints, these 3 cities were chosen to be analyzed. Further analysis for other locations could be pursued at a later time.&nbsp; <img width="9704" height="9000" width_o="9704" height_o="9000" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/e0db2bb8d2515a3e7988f002f5e66734937e36822c9e41b16cd551d4370296cb/spatial-implications-of-covid.jpg" data-mid="81208515" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/e0db2bb8d2515a3e7988f002f5e66734937e36822c9e41b16cd551d4370296cb/spatial-implications-of-covid.jpg" /> https://christinaxbrown.com/Wood-to-Water Tue, 25 Aug 2020 18:58:24 +0000 Christina X Brown https://christinaxbrown.com/Wood-to-Water Wood to Water Spring 2020 &nbsp;| ULI Hines Competition 2020&nbsp; | &nbsp;Advisor: Ray Gastil, Valentina Vivasis Project Team: Yilun Hong, Alex Lu, Ryann McMahon, Sara Shore <img width="1275" height="1398" width_o="1275" height_o="1398" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/19a7e25dcdb075dbaf9d563043a4027f78e44dae4f2e8c68cfc8856b02df58f2/ULI22.jpg" data-mid="81222109" border="0" data-scale="92" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/19a7e25dcdb075dbaf9d563043a4027f78e44dae4f2e8c68cfc8856b02df58f2/ULI22.jpg" /> <img width="1301" height="1250" width_o="1301" height_o="1250" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/a2eee916625bae2a58fe99072a6b5d8c3ced8c1bbfe90a30d1aef3b361639e0b/ULI-Content.jpg" data-mid="81221908" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/a2eee916625bae2a58fe99072a6b5d8c3ced8c1bbfe90a30d1aef3b361639e0b/ULI-Content.jpg" /> <img width="1667" height="1160" width_o="1667" height_o="1160" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/9747f907a38ba3b6ece903567afb13b1441a1a9688040a9ae73b4f99846924fc/ULI-Content3.jpg" data-mid="81221910" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/9747f907a38ba3b6ece903567afb13b1441a1a9688040a9ae73b4f99846924fc/ULI-Content3.jpg" /> <img width="3333" height="1162" width_o="3333" height_o="1162" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/d0c618d11077fc821834acad1016630f1a47f9df74a0c0b0b55dcd9d36304ba7/ULI-Content4.jpg" data-mid="81221911" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/d0c618d11077fc821834acad1016630f1a47f9df74a0c0b0b55dcd9d36304ba7/ULI-Content4.jpg" /> <img width="1667" height="1166" width_o="1667" height_o="1166" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/205f6a65d5ff753e994d94d621bf3edfb75bec0bf2ca1151bd17e3dff5f87f7d/ULI-Content2.jpg" data-mid="81221909" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/205f6a65d5ff753e994d94d621bf3edfb75bec0bf2ca1151bd17e3dff5f87f7d/ULI-Content2.jpg" /> There are a series of community driven programming that focus on defining the identify of the site, as well as serving the greater Wynwood and Edgewater communities that depend on this site.&nbsp; Thorough research were conducted to identify the local community contexts, and the site programming aims to help bolster the surrounding neighborhoods by providing key missing programming.&nbsp; <img width="1667" height="1010" width_o="1667" height_o="1010" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/7d2460405661522b1943e8bdbf38d4cc86e0336f412e18bc54dbb1e2f7dfed16/ULI-Content5.jpg" data-mid="81221912" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/7d2460405661522b1943e8bdbf38d4cc86e0336f412e18bc54dbb1e2f7dfed16/ULI-Content5.jpg" /> <img width="1667" height="1205" width_o="1667" height_o="1205" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/a7ed2d11ee6bd0a5d8673a4702e4d27e4f1de0f8c201bb45523cb611731e203e/ULI-Content6.jpg" data-mid="81221913" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/a7ed2d11ee6bd0a5d8673a4702e4d27e4f1de0f8c201bb45523cb611731e203e/ULI-Content6.jpg" /><img width="1667" height="348" width_o="1667" height_o="348" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/3f06dbca9cd4e8c1a01043f7594d6e681b4f71b3663bfdc23debc0162a74ad06/ULI-Content7.jpg" data-mid="81221914" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/3f06dbca9cd4e8c1a01043f7594d6e681b4f71b3663bfdc23debc0162a74ad06/ULI-Content7.jpg" /> <img width="1275" height="1410" width_o="1275" height_o="1410" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/08ee5626fbcd5340e9f05af864fd92b2ccdb430d0a48bcc17e17157c18bf16b6/ULI21.jpg" data-mid="81222108" border="0" data-scale="100" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/08ee5626fbcd5340e9f05af864fd92b2ccdb430d0a48bcc17e17157c18bf16b6/ULI21.jpg" /> https://christinaxbrown.com/Eco-Harmony Wed, 20 May 2020 00:10:01 +0000 Christina X Brown https://christinaxbrown.com/Eco-Harmony Eco-Harmony Fall 2018 | Professor: Hal Hayes Project Partner: Ophelie Tousignant <img width="2000" height="1500" width_o="2000" height_o="1500" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/e63ea4b1e114f3918dbccf84be4a238cac99693cb491d0064d4fef007de082bc/Ophelie-Christina.jpg" data-mid="80827863" border="0" data-scale="76" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/e63ea4b1e114f3918dbccf84be4a238cac99693cb491d0064d4fef007de082bc/Ophelie-Christina.jpg" /> What are megastructures of the future and how can it become a self-sustaining structure that embodies the idea of “mixed use”? This 7 million square feet project located on Pier 76 in New York City explores the integration of city infrastructure with mixed use programs (such as hotel, education, residential, etc) and how sustainable synergies can arise from the various programs that are embedded within one singular megastructure. In 100 years in the future, with advanced technologies and extreme climate conditions (based on current climate trajectories), how can architecture transform into towers of ecological collaboration and celebration? <img width="10728" height="2844" width_o="10728" height_o="2844" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/af1749d929aa1e66cbb90fc04fcad7989d3e291734a52fb22b25d8c86c62b4a5/1-300-Site-Section.jpg" data-mid="81329883" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/af1749d929aa1e66cbb90fc04fcad7989d3e291734a52fb22b25d8c86c62b4a5/1-300-Site-Section.jpg" /><img width="10800" height="5400" width_o="10800" height_o="5400" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/52765b4e066c710bc211352d22c9e6cee2413bbfc18f1495523ccde8239e0b6c/1-300-Site-Plan.jpg" data-mid="81329690" border="0" data-scale="100" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/52765b4e066c710bc211352d22c9e6cee2413bbfc18f1495523ccde8239e0b6c/1-300-Site-Plan.jpg" /> The project proposes a daring transit connection that involve the use of gondolas that could connect the site to Penn Station and New Jersey, creating bridges that would greatly increase the connectivity and modes of transportation on site, as well as provide a new perspective for Hudson Yards and New York City as a whole.&nbsp;This only highlights one of the many transportation strategies embedded within this project. Since the project is situated for 100 years into the future, we explore transportation research development such as Uber Air and Uber Water as new modes of transit that could exist in the future. &nbsp; The site also directly connects to the Highline and the Javits Center, allowing for the highline to end in a grand way while improving the overall pedestrian circulation of the area (as the multi-lane vehicular roads greatly limit pedestrian circulation around the site).&nbsp; <img width="2475" height="1419" width_o="2475" height_o="1419" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/ed3049872b542ed6e9b6c2f063eddaedec0a0aa8621c47748dd4be7615036a71/ecoharmony.jpg" data-mid="81326896" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/ed3049872b542ed6e9b6c2f063eddaedec0a0aa8621c47748dd4be7615036a71/ecoharmony.jpg" /> <img width="1232" height="1431" width_o="1232" height_o="1431" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/25bb67bcf9fafe1e22638cc3cc19f1d6bc81e4ee22c3b9b6c77d58d380f7f9ce/ecoharmony_scripting.jpg" data-mid="81330107" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/25bb67bcf9fafe1e22638cc3cc19f1d6bc81e4ee22c3b9b6c77d58d380f7f9ce/ecoharmony_scripting.jpg" /> &nbsp; Parametric Scripting &nbsp;Parametric scripting was utilized for systems sizing calculations (such as in the greywater treatment system sizing) and for facade design in the final project to create varied facade openings based on the program type within the building. This provided the level of variation and transition that could be more responsive to the interior while managing such a large scale building with complex geometries. The facade design was inspired by a sea sponge, which could filter water and offer porosity. For the facade we wanted to explore air filtration and porosity as a way to undulate the aperture sizing based on the internal programs of the superstructure. For more private spaces such as residential or hotel, the aperture size becomes smaller and closer to human scale, where in larger public spaces the apertures enlarge to much bigger sizes. There is also color control embedded into the glass facade to allow for the glass to adapt based on context (such as pink light for greenhouse spaces for plant growth).&nbsp; For systems sizing calculations, the graywater and blackwater systems included both the superstructure load as well as the surrounding contexts (such as the Javits Center and Hudson Yards). This allows for the water in the surrounding area and on site to be treated and reused, and are embedded into the architecture as educational and experiential features that encourage a symbiotic relationship between infrastructural systems and living.&nbsp; The reused water is used for watering plants, landscaping, and flushing throughout the building as large urban farming atriums are created as both social spaces and to deal with food scarcity and food quality.&nbsp; <img width="2516" height="1614" width_o="2516" height_o="1614" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/fe8646f123031e02ff7dec2505b5c01e089e26f272567d63e88346d9610d116f/Screen-Shot-2018-12-16-at-1.52.48-AM.png" data-mid="81330162" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/fe8646f123031e02ff7dec2505b5c01e089e26f272567d63e88346d9610d116f/Screen-Shot-2018-12-16-at-1.52.48-AM.png" /> <img width="2378" height="1618" width_o="2378" height_o="1618" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/fa12bcee318bf16bb31c6343134806de76bb2dc1f9bae4c610e9d7c20067b821/Screen-Shot-2018-12-16-at-1.49.16-AM.png" data-mid="81330161" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/fa12bcee318bf16bb31c6343134806de76bb2dc1f9bae4c610e9d7c20067b821/Screen-Shot-2018-12-16-at-1.49.16-AM.png" /> <img width="2762" height="1616" width_o="2762" height_o="1616" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/3c037dc1da5abe719439c93d6a4752b70e37d53a9bb3ff42e28119d87eb376c9/Screen-Shot-2018-12-16-at-2.03.02-AM.png" data-mid="81330165" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/3c037dc1da5abe719439c93d6a4752b70e37d53a9bb3ff42e28119d87eb376c9/Screen-Shot-2018-12-16-at-2.03.02-AM.png" /> <img width="2782" height="1618" width_o="2782" height_o="1618" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/de122c00433e139427223dd8658c8602e76e4e00c019ab693b1235d2dcb8bac7/Screen-Shot-2018-12-16-at-2.01.18-AM.png" data-mid="81330164" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/de122c00433e139427223dd8658c8602e76e4e00c019ab693b1235d2dcb8bac7/Screen-Shot-2018-12-16-at-2.01.18-AM.png" /> <img width="2452" height="1612" width_o="2452" height_o="1612" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/79eaa1655c313c3a89c9eeaf39c2d2ccf0aaf06b5c26f0607ecd004ffa9baab7/Screen-Shot-2018-12-16-at-1.54.38-AM.png" data-mid="81330163" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/79eaa1655c313c3a89c9eeaf39c2d2ccf0aaf06b5c26f0607ecd004ffa9baab7/Screen-Shot-2018-12-16-at-1.54.38-AM.png" /> <img width="2204" height="1598" width_o="2204" height_o="1598" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/203e44d5c5259a7b4865beb5e0d2fb9afff7e5d39d372111663196b4b557f3e1/Screen-Shot-2018-12-16-at-1.45.10-AM.png" data-mid="81330160" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/203e44d5c5259a7b4865beb5e0d2fb9afff7e5d39d372111663196b4b557f3e1/Screen-Shot-2018-12-16-at-1.45.10-AM.png" /> A series of experiential moments present themselves in this project that highlight and celebrate systems integration, experience, social interaction, and ecology.&nbsp; From an amphitheater that is surrounded by a wet landscape and water to urban farming atriums, the intersection of the systems, programs, ecology, and people were especially important and valuable for this project.&nbsp; This results in a beautiful and sustainable megastructure that integrates system thinking, promotes sustainable living and community experiences, and also integrates into the megascale contexts of the New York Hudson Yards and Javits Center.&nbsp; <img width="1237" height="1431" width_o="1237" height_o="1431" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/bb92d47c15488c14de50ddadf9190a2be570bcfdb82259b025d7ba2cfb2278f1/ecoharmony_model.jpg" data-mid="98719523" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/bb92d47c15488c14de50ddadf9190a2be570bcfdb82259b025d7ba2cfb2278f1/ecoharmony_model.jpg" /> https://christinaxbrown.com/Environmental-Charter-School-ECS Wed, 20 May 2020 00:10:01 +0000 Christina X Brown https://christinaxbrown.com/Environmental-Charter-School-ECS ENVIRONMENTAL CHARTER SCHOOL (ECS) Spring 2018 | Professor: Erica Cochran What is the architectural language that promotes nature and environmental connectivity within a middle school design? This design uses a biomimetic tree structure, natural materials, and envelope porosity to the environment to integrate nature with the school environment. Sustainable systems integration also allows the students and faculty to live within an environmentally conscious building. The ground level porosity also helps engage the local Homewood community that is predominantly Black, allowing the school to foster a positive relationship with the local community. <img width="6000" height="2444" width_o="6000" height_o="2444" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/7c1c59e77eb9c05647208eb948fb0ba181c7b372354351d4245e57e1a2ace452/ECS-1-8-Section-without-scale.jpg" data-mid="81330857" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/7c1c59e77eb9c05647208eb948fb0ba181c7b372354351d4245e57e1a2ace452/ECS-1-8-Section-without-scale.jpg" /> <img width="2220" height="1002" width_o="2220" height_o="1002" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/cf9fab192224e5dee44c816bce0193c26ba55758afb453f98f12f8ff2b6b0a9f/Section-01.PNG" data-mid="81333676" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/cf9fab192224e5dee44c816bce0193c26ba55758afb453f98f12f8ff2b6b0a9f/Section-01.PNG" />&nbsp; <img width="1205" height="1500" width_o="1205" height_o="1500" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/b36f71d3814eff3ba5522b692a48e63d2dec24ecaab885439fd6dc1dee94b31b/ECS.jpg" data-mid="81331586" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/b36f71d3814eff3ba5522b692a48e63d2dec24ecaab885439fd6dc1dee94b31b/ECS.jpg" /> This project focuses on structure and detailing so the framing structure and architectural assembly were critical to the design intent. However I saw this also as an opportunity to explore the architectural and spatial possibilities of building structure.&nbsp; &nbsp; Our client is the Environmental Charter School, whose core goals are:The Environmental Charter School is a tuition free K-8 charter school in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. ECS combines the academic rigor of the best public schools with a multi-disciplinary, "out-the-door" learning approach rooted in real world problems that build active, engaged, and empathetic citizens. We think differently. We approach school differently. We believe that it is our responsibility to build an active, engaged, and thoughtful citizenry – not just graduate students. We strongly commit to building systems thinkers, and use the platform of environment and ecology to explore complexity, diverse perspectives, and various disciplinary ways to engage or explore a problem. This prompted me to explore biomimetic structures and designs that could raise awareness of ecology and nature through the building itself. This provided opportunities for a collective atrium space that help improve safety, create a sense of community cohesion, and allowed for natural daylight to penetrate into the building. Additionally the tree structure within the heart of the school acts metaphorically as the tree that holds the school, but also creates an engaging stair circulation that promotes physical activity and healthy living crucial to a child’s development. According to the New York City Department of Health, 1 in 5 kingergarten students are considered obese, and thus embedding and encouraging healthy living and activity is especially important in education typologies. Inclusion and diversity was important in this project so considerations for differently abled students and gender fluid students played a role in the design process. Elevator inclusion, simple floor plan with ease of movement for students, and gender neutral bathrooms that remove potential stress and anxiety during puberty were some of the many occupant considerations for inclusion.&nbsp; <img width="2475" height="1500" width_o="2475" height_o="1500" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/1276eec6ad7edd76f55e3ccc23969aaa4648ba9b761df7317a6bd796e60e717c/ECS-details.jpg" data-mid="81332998" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/1276eec6ad7edd76f55e3ccc23969aaa4648ba9b761df7317a6bd796e60e717c/ECS-details.jpg" /> &nbsp; Systems Design + Integration &nbsp; Systems Design Partners: Kevin Jiang + Ophelie Tousignant Calculation and sizing of active systems and analytical review of passive systems within the project with two team members (separate from the project itself). Systems analyzed and designed include lighting, HVAC, water system, and renewable energy system. <img width="1650" height="1275" width_o="1650" height_o="1275" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/9cae4ad235acce08d0385a93292addfebf3948d6e2354a4d9f43377a466317f3/Final-Project15.jpg" data-mid="81333325" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/9cae4ad235acce08d0385a93292addfebf3948d6e2354a4d9f43377a466317f3/Final-Project15.jpg" /> <img width="1650" height="1275" width_o="1650" height_o="1275" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/c9fec0aebb9e6dfd7c8997790951d1842e465d1b1393fe85fd513299f84d3714/Final-Project18.jpg" data-mid="81333326" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/c9fec0aebb9e6dfd7c8997790951d1842e465d1b1393fe85fd513299f84d3714/Final-Project18.jpg" /> <img width="1650" height="1275" width_o="1650" height_o="1275" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/e0497442db8be3c6e2c63b8aeec5d5dc56c648f39b989286be6a010673d6aab1/Final-Project19.jpg" data-mid="81333327" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/e0497442db8be3c6e2c63b8aeec5d5dc56c648f39b989286be6a010673d6aab1/Final-Project19.jpg" /> <img width="1650" height="1275" width_o="1650" height_o="1275" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/055b31286818b13ed9e529078955501c19e00f428408922bb01970ac4b284543/Final-Project20.jpg" data-mid="81333328" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/055b31286818b13ed9e529078955501c19e00f428408922bb01970ac4b284543/Final-Project20.jpg" /> <img width="1650" height="1275" width_o="1650" height_o="1275" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/c709b04e3f1a5a73736241c39102e046e64274b0db3bbac43e7511acea77618f/Final-Project22.jpg" data-mid="81333330" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/c709b04e3f1a5a73736241c39102e046e64274b0db3bbac43e7511acea77618f/Final-Project22.jpg" /> <img width="1650" height="1275" width_o="1650" height_o="1275" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/fec0daa75e9218bc29f3d535af29964ee9c50b034f660667d7748e4a89073553/Final-Project24.jpg" data-mid="81333331" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/fec0daa75e9218bc29f3d535af29964ee9c50b034f660667d7748e4a89073553/Final-Project24.jpg" /> <img width="1650" height="1275" width_o="1650" height_o="1275" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/23b23b184d79285e1fe6cf24762638c45f0f52f08c0536283bc42b6f940f26cb/Final-Project25.jpg" data-mid="81333332" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/23b23b184d79285e1fe6cf24762638c45f0f52f08c0536283bc42b6f940f26cb/Final-Project25.jpg" /> <img width="1650" height="1275" width_o="1650" height_o="1275" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/e7b69eb84e3ed62a84d180ef3b4cb3160408b86b53acb4279799be11eeb668cf/Final-Project27.jpg" data-mid="81333333" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/e7b69eb84e3ed62a84d180ef3b4cb3160408b86b53acb4279799be11eeb668cf/Final-Project27.jpg" /> <img width="1650" height="1275" width_o="1650" height_o="1275" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/6cb7477fe166c556d71cea9e6652f7b55028bd6b3d27f5c88a6291484e3caa2f/Final-Project28.jpg" data-mid="81333334" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/6cb7477fe166c556d71cea9e6652f7b55028bd6b3d27f5c88a6291484e3caa2f/Final-Project28.jpg" /> <img width="1650" height="1275" width_o="1650" height_o="1275" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/e32bc4f8f7d786658c873db9e6214b0e303c513684e7ca34192a5cad0962a767/Final-Project29.jpg" data-mid="81333335" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/e32bc4f8f7d786658c873db9e6214b0e303c513684e7ca34192a5cad0962a767/Final-Project29.jpg" /> <img width="1650" height="1275" width_o="1650" height_o="1275" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/90e64bf26def92040a5629bda8367446e38cb95eca367221c3a7bcfbc64bde41/Final-Project30.jpg" data-mid="81333336" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/90e64bf26def92040a5629bda8367446e38cb95eca367221c3a7bcfbc64bde41/Final-Project30.jpg" /> <img width="1650" height="1275" width_o="1650" height_o="1275" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/71eb30646fc080a033379650efa8512b3315c8607c13ff12a1e1163724479748/Final-Project32.jpg" data-mid="81333337" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/71eb30646fc080a033379650efa8512b3315c8607c13ff12a1e1163724479748/Final-Project32.jpg" /> <img width="1650" height="1275" width_o="1650" height_o="1275" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/ea10c87761925d2f27a2f3de58ee9bfb83964fa3617979a604824417996effd3/Final-Project33.jpg" data-mid="81333338" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/ea10c87761925d2f27a2f3de58ee9bfb83964fa3617979a604824417996effd3/Final-Project33.jpg" /> <img width="1650" height="1275" width_o="1650" height_o="1275" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/1771695f9fc04a873f65ae69a68ec061c4f935f991ce980b31363b78bc94cbaa/Final-Project34.jpg" data-mid="81333339" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/1771695f9fc04a873f65ae69a68ec061c4f935f991ce980b31363b78bc94cbaa/Final-Project34.jpg" /> <img width="1650" height="1275" width_o="1650" height_o="1275" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/afacd73562ac998d1a16fca5e64aa7307d8886cbd9f9f6ae0c3a5fec94eadbe2/Final-Project35.jpg" data-mid="81333340" border="0" 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data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/3c1dfbd389a08a8662b0a4f3d00987afb6a135435e06f84bfea4c7b6ef58e371/Final-Project39.jpg" data-mid="81333343" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/3c1dfbd389a08a8662b0a4f3d00987afb6a135435e06f84bfea4c7b6ef58e371/Final-Project39.jpg" /> <img width="1650" height="1275" width_o="1650" height_o="1275" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/59a7f3909768fc9e2feb5421871145511341ee9b2ec053f4b813173b78c27355/Final-Project40.jpg" data-mid="81333344" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/59a7f3909768fc9e2feb5421871145511341ee9b2ec053f4b813173b78c27355/Final-Project40.jpg" /> <img width="1650" height="1275" width_o="1650" height_o="1275" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/4d77a6b39701cc5585e7905e54c5d315a0a71be708e47bd48a33bf07e383c009/Final-Project41.jpg" data-mid="81333345" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/4d77a6b39701cc5585e7905e54c5d315a0a71be708e47bd48a33bf07e383c009/Final-Project41.jpg" /> <img width="1650" height="1275" width_o="1650" height_o="1275" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/d22b0e11e72508e7e3dd49f341e4a28d1b733e6a4e10e18b272a9bd17e885389/Final-Project42.jpg" data-mid="81333347" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/d22b0e11e72508e7e3dd49f341e4a28d1b733e6a4e10e18b272a9bd17e885389/Final-Project42.jpg" /> <img width="1650" height="1275" width_o="1650" height_o="1275" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/0b37d15a3f100d5f1eaaccb43dd3f8821b8467d6e4f70bc56d7f3c845ff7955d/Final-Project44.jpg" data-mid="81333348" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/0b37d15a3f100d5f1eaaccb43dd3f8821b8467d6e4f70bc56d7f3c845ff7955d/Final-Project44.jpg" /> <img width="1650" height="1275" width_o="1650" height_o="1275" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/af38d52388b3ea960fc79969094f3ca359ab920be15b67f7122d692e2b453884/Final-Project45.jpg" data-mid="81333349" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/af38d52388b3ea960fc79969094f3ca359ab920be15b67f7122d692e2b453884/Final-Project45.jpg" /> <img width="1650" height="1275" width_o="1650" height_o="1275" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/d9adef53dcf99428053ed76ee68e34cafe7075674432544d85284c76d83bb62b/Final-Project46.jpg" data-mid="81333350" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/d9adef53dcf99428053ed76ee68e34cafe7075674432544d85284c76d83bb62b/Final-Project46.jpg" /> <img width="1667" height="1028" width_o="1667" height_o="1028" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/ca9578eb4ec7fc5d09c2a2eaf145deecfd28b0ebf7995a0d6a9022a0e875d635/ECS-info4.jpg" data-mid="81334702" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/ca9578eb4ec7fc5d09c2a2eaf145deecfd28b0ebf7995a0d6a9022a0e875d635/ECS-info4.jpg" /> <img width="1262" height="1250" width_o="1262" height_o="1250" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/e7ee4e67307edad09dda7c4d74ba96fecd08f2407fc2982f602a0334eb2ddb62/ECS-info2.jpg" data-mid="81334699" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/e7ee4e67307edad09dda7c4d74ba96fecd08f2407fc2982f602a0334eb2ddb62/ECS-info2.jpg" /> <img width="1667" height="1181" width_o="1667" height_o="1181" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/349c355f1ef34307694aefd4da672aa8d50c779185697ee197a0013b4a13ec91/ECS-info3.jpg" data-mid="81334700" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/349c355f1ef34307694aefd4da672aa8d50c779185697ee197a0013b4a13ec91/ECS-info3.jpg" /> <img width="1667" height="923" width_o="1667" height_o="923" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/de2d47e8d8430e0d4da0752c7481cbb56c805010a0230002e324d8e1aae2911c/ECS-info.jpg" data-mid="81334698" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/de2d47e8d8430e0d4da0752c7481cbb56c805010a0230002e324d8e1aae2911c/ECS-info.jpg" /> <img width="1667" height="1064" width_o="1667" height_o="1064" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/f95a41a7836db856a557139a4e7f13e4da22e4acc53dd93acd29e66a0320055a/ECS-info5.jpg" data-mid="81334703" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/f95a41a7836db856a557139a4e7f13e4da22e4acc53dd93acd29e66a0320055a/ECS-info5.jpg" /> &nbsp; Contracts, Players, Code Review &nbsp; Additional considerations on the permit seeking process, the needed members and contributors within the project, and the types of contracts formed were all explored within this project.&nbsp;